2022 Australian Schoolgirls. This Australian team, captained by Melrose who later had both a successful rugby and league career, succeeded where so many others have failed by winning over the Fleet Street press. It wasn't the fact that they defeated everyone- including Ireland, Wales and England- that put them on the highest pedestal. AUSTRALIAN SCHOOLS' RUGBY UNION The Australian Schools Rugby Union 'ASRU' is pleased to announce the two schools teams selected to represent Australia in the prestigious SANIX World Youth Rugby Tournament to be held in Munakata City, Fukuoka, Japan 26 April - 6 May, 2023. Gregory Bruce, with grandchildren Xavier and Elijah, has written a book about the NT's great rep teams . Mark came off, and Glen played No 10 for the rest of the game. GB squad for Catholic . Richard Ball, Matthew Collard, Brad Condon, Samson Fangaloka, Scott Fay, Paul Findlay, Simon Guilfoyle, Craig Howe, Stephen Jani, Gareth Jones, David Kelaher, Craig McMullen, Tom Morrison, Raoul Pohio, Matthew Pryke, Stephen Scahill, Tim Stoyles, Daniel Sullivan, Tu Tamaru, Graeme Thompson, Nathan Turner, Philip Tyler, Andrew Williams, Simon Wilson. 1988 Ella said. Last edited on 28 December 2022, at 16:08, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1987_Rugby_World_Cup_squads&oldid=1130102612, This page was last edited on 28 December 2022, at 16:08. Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby. This side was first selected in 1995 and also plays schoolboys teams from other countries, but these matches (usually on Australian soil against incoming teams) are not counted as Australian Schools 'Test' matches. Hunter Beirne, Scott Bligh, Marco Caputo, Mark Challender, Anthony Cregan, Andrew Grant, Adam Harley, Rodney Kafer, Michael Kasprowicz, Tim Kelaher, Stuart Lachlan, Barry Lea, Michael Miller, Andrew Obad, Kevin OKane, Glenn Panoho, Michael Pennisi, Craig Polla-Mounter, Anthony Scriven, John Stafford, James Swan, Tim Watkins, Dean Zammitt. 5IV is an early stage commercialisation company helping entrepreneurs turn their ideas into startups, products and services (and even movies). New South Wales Schoolboys Teams 1971-2022. Australian Secondary Schools Rugby League President Bruce Wallace said the Australian Schoolboys Centenary Team celebrated the ASSRL's role in the development of future first-grade players. In 1987, another merit side was selected, which featured Clyde for the second time. Richard Kennar, from Craigieburn Secondary College CAS, became the first Victorian player to play for the Australian Schoolboys. In 1978, the first official Australian Schoolboys Championships were held, but NSW Combined Catholic Colleges did not attend. Jayden Clarkson, 9. Robert Horne Georges River Seior Campus Oatley NSW. The Australian Schoolboys & U18 rugby union team is the national team for schoolboy rugby union & U18 players in Australia. Players are listed in alphabetical order by the year they were first selected. Stephen Antonelli, Andrew Blades, Josh Carmody, Jack Dempsey, Anthony Dempsey, Cameron Douglas, Anthony Grigson, Murray Harley, Tony Hayes, Paul Healy, Steven Hickey, Ian Humphris, Mark Malloy, Guy McLaren, Mark Patterson, David Ross, Andrew Rowntree, Ricky Stuart, Scott Taylor, Glen Taylor, Allan Warby, Jason Woodward. Fairfax Media/Fairfax Media via Getty Images, How 1977/78 Schoolboys rejuvenated Aussie rugby, Eddie Jones' position of power made Dave Rennie collateral damage for World Cup run, Eddie back as Rennie sacked as Wallabies coach, RA chairman wants 'mongrel' Wallabies under Eddie, Vunipola out as England name Six Nations squad, Farrell available for England's 6N opener - RFU, England's Curry to miss start of 6N after injury, Wallaroos star Hamilton on loan in France, Borthwick begins new England chapter but Jones remains intertwined with the narrative, ESPN's 2023 crystal ball predictions for all major Australian codes, ESPN's biggest Australian headlines of 2022. In 1978, 1983 and 1987, merit teams were selected who did not play anybody. At a Friday luncheon in Brisbane, a toast will be raised to celebrate 40 years since the 1981-82 Australian Schoolboys embarked on their own 10-match unbeaten rampage on the other side of the world. [2], Following the tournament, the Australian Schools Team is selected to represent Australia in 'Test' matches against national Under 18 or schoolboys teams from other countries.[2]. Chris Blanchard, Scott Bowen, Matthew Burke, Todd Cole, Ryan Craig, Anthony Cregan, Andrew Crocker, Tim Eisenhauer, Justin Fielke, Salei (Fili) Finau, Nicholas Ghattas, Richard Graham, Travis Hall, Rodney Hayes, Graham Hislop, John Isaac, Troy Jaques, Peter Jorgensen, David Kelaher, Haydn Long, Ben May, Michael Misson, Rodney Moore, Thomas Morrison, Scott Murray, Stuart Pinkerton, Craig Polla-Mounter, Jacob Rauluni, Graeme Thompson, Micah Tuck, John Turner, Hugh Williams, Simon Wilson. HOLD THE DATE: THE ANNUAL ASRU LUNCHEON - FRIDAY 24 MARCH 2023 - SPECIAL GUEST SPEAKER: PHIL KEARNS, AUSTRALIAN SCHOOLS RUGBY UNION The Australian Schools Rugby Union ASRU is pleased to announce the two schools teams selected to represent Australia in the prestigious SANIX World Youth Rugby Tournament to be held in Munakata City, Fukuoka, Japan 26 April 6 May, 2023. In 1992, with a side featuring future premiership winner and Australian international Steve Menzies, the side toured New Zealand. This article lists the official squads for the 1987 Rugby World Cup that took place in New Zealand and Australia from 22 May until 20 June 1987. Chris Blanchard, Scott Bowen, Matthew Burke, Todd Cole, Ryan Craig, Anthony Cregan, Andrew Crocker, Tim Eisenhauer, Justin Fielke, Salei(Fili) Finau, Nicholas Ghattas, Richard Graham, Travis Hall, Rodney Hayes, Graham Hislop, John Isaac, Troy Jaques, Peter Jorgensen, David Kelaher, Haydn Long, Ben May, Michael Misson, Rodney Moore, Thomas Morrison, Scott Murray, Stuart Pinkerton, Craig Polla-Mounter, Jacob Rauluni, Graeme Thompson, Micah Tuck, John Turner, Hugh Williams, Simon Wilson. Jason Air, Grant Anderson, Tom Bowman, David Brailey, Douglas Bursill, Michael Choromanski, Matt Clowry, Andrew De Saxe, Cameron Fear, Michael Fordham, James Godfrey, Glen Hauff, John Hearn, Tony Jasser, Matthew Kennedy, Cameron Kenny, Luke Mann, Gavin Mansfield, Caeloen Murray, Liam OHara, Peter Parathyras, Ben Plenty, Simon Raiwalui, Marcus Riley, Mark Robinson, Joe Roff, Ryan Rogan, Matthew Rogers, Mark Stitch, Bill Solofa, Marc Stcherbina, Iain Thompson, Garry Torrens, Ben Tune, Brendan Underwoods, Scott Webster, Phillip Yuen. All rightsreserved | Terms Policy | Disclaimer, Eight Australian Schools & U18s players to watch, NSW players dominate Australia A Schoolboys selection ahead of Japan tour, CAS v GPS: 8 standout performers from Tuesdays rep matches, CAS: Knox defend their way to 33-27 victory over Waverley, GPS Round 1: Newington upstage Scots; Joeys & Riverview claim wins, Waverley and Knox prepare for season defining CAS clash. Richard Ball, Matthew Collard, Brad Condon, Samson Fangaloka, Scott Fay, Paul Findlay, Simon Guilfoyle, Craig Howe, Stephen Jani, Gareth Jones, David Kelaher, Craig McMullen, Tom Morrison, Raoul Pohio, Matthew Pryke, Stephen Scahill, Tim Stoyles, Daniel Sullivan, Tu Tamaru, Graeme Thompson, Nathan Turner, Philip Tyler, Andrew Williams, Simon Wilson. In 1998, the Schoolboys toured New Zealand, playing 4 games and losing only one to an Auckland Invitational XIII. The team selected in 1985 went undefeated against a touring Junior Kiwis side and in 1986 went undefeated once again on their tour of England. Mark Bell, Brad Bertwhistle, Andrew Cairns, Tom Cross, Graham Emmery, Tim Enright, Lance Federow, Michael Forsythe, Andrew Friend, Adam Friend, Albert Fulavi, Scott Gourley, Scott Kennedy, Andrew Kerec, Victor Kucharzewski, Geoff Logan, Justin McDonald, Lachlan Moffat, Scott OConnell, Matthew Pini, Brett Plowman, Matthew Stocks, Anthony Woodward, Peter Yeates. The team toured France and England and went undefeated. Robert Abel St Edmund's College ACT. It was a spirited effort but the Australian Schools side have gone down 34-11 to New Zealand Schoolboys in front of a packed crowd at T.G. The team winning the DivisionII Championship was awarded the Charles Blunt Cup, and the runner-up received the Merv Allen Plate. The Australian Schools and U18 squad will get a chance to showcase their talent, facing Australian U19 Barbarians. During the tour, the British newspapers tried to out-do each other in coming up with ballet metaphors to describe the grace of the Australian Schoolboys running game. The Schoolboys went undefeated in three games and featured future internationals Greg Bird and Michael Weyman (who would represent again in 2002). The 1987 Rugby World Cup was the inaugural Rugby World Cup; the world championship for rugby union.Sixteen nations were invited to partake in the tournament, with the notable exception of South Africa; who were excluded from the tournament due to . But these schoolboys succeeded in reviving interest in the Australian game, as evidenced when the team returned to Sydney. From Rhodes Scholarships to. Teams that competed included representative sides from the Northern Territory, South Australia, and Tasmania, but these match-ups were moved to the Gold Coast Rugby Carnival from 2017. "For many players selection in an Australian Schoolboys side is the first step to greater heights," Wallace said today. All rightsreserved | Terms Policy | Disclaimer, Eight Australian Schools & U18s players to watch, NSW players dominate Australia A Schoolboys selection ahead of Japan tour, CAS v GPS: 8 standout performers from Tuesdays rep matches, CAS: Knox defend their way to 33-27 victory over Waverley, GPS Round 1: Newington upstage Scots; Joeys & Riverview claim wins, Waverley and Knox prepare for season defining CAS clash. The name is mainly used in rugby league, rugby union and baseball. You can very easily argue that it is- not just because of their exceptional record, but more importantly that how they performed had such a major impact on the local game. [1] Each year the best high school players in Australia are chosen to either represent the Schoolboys on an overseas tour or host a touring country in Australia. Hunter Beirne, Michael Brial, Damon Entage, Geoff Fenwicke, Aaron Gold, David Grimmond, Stuart Holt, Joseph Kennedy, Geoff Logan, Todd Louden, Adam Magro, Angus Miller, Garrick Morgan, Matthew OConnor, Brock Parker, Quentin Peihopa, Nick Perkins, Jason Reilly, David Russell, Peter Ryan, Ves Soldo, Michael Towns, Dean Zammitt. Results of SSA National Championships, Players of the Tournaments 1973-2022. The Schoolboys returned to touring with the 1979 team, that featured future Australian internationals Ben Elias and Andrew Farrar. Head Coaches: Mick Doyle (replaced by Syd Millar) / Jim Davidson. On the tour, the Schoolboys lost their first ever Test match to a New Zealand side featuring future Kiwis Gene Ngamu, Joe Vagana and Ruben Wiki. The team competes against counterparts in New Zealand, known as the Junior Kiwis, England, Wales and France amongst others. The Australian Schoolboys & U18 rugby union team is the national team for schoolboy rugby union & U18 players in Australia. The team winning the DivisionI Championship is awarded the 'Jika' Travers Shield, while the runner-up receives the 'Weary' Dunlop Plate. 2022 Australian Schoolboys Team Chris Faagutu (Marsden State High School) Ethan Ferguson (Lambton High School) Thomas Fletcher (St Gregory's College) Harry Hassett (The Hills Sports High. Many players who have played in the Australian Schoolboys team have gone on to further representative careers with Super Rugby franchise teams and the Australian national rugby union team.[1]. In 1982, the Schoolboys returned the favour and toured New Zealand for the first time, where they also received their first ever loss, to an Auckland based selection team, 1610. The 1999 side toured France, England and Ireland, going undefeated. Selecting an ANZAC team to face the Lions: Who makes the cut in 2025? This article lists the official squads for the 1987 Rugby World Cup that took place in New Zealand and Australia from 22 May until 20 June 1987. Started in 1972, the Australian Schoolboys have produced over 50 Australian representatives,[1] amongst a host of players who have represented other nations at the highest level.[2]. Autumn Nations Series Week 3: Everything you need to know for this weekend's rugby, 'I love these girls': Smith hopes Black Ferns' run leaves lasting legacy, Red Roses fly-half Zoe Harrison ignoring haters with TikTok. Hamiso Tabuai, 5. After 35 years spent devoted to the greatest game of all, Noel Cleal has announced his retirement from rugby league, effective immediately. In order to recognise the best schoolboy rugby league players across the nation, the ASSRL Selectors have chosen a 2021 Australian Schoolboys Merit Team selected through a comprehensive process. Considered to be the pinnacle of schoolboy & U18 rugby in Australia, the team plays in fixtures against other national representative schoolboy teams from around the world. Their mode of attack was based around a flat attacking alignment, that the ball had to be run from every opportunity, players had to pursue tries, forwards and backs were interchangeable in open play, and kicking had to be kept to a minimum. There were also countless off-field highlights, including a visit to Buckingham Palace, where one of the players Peter McPherson couldn't resist the chance to ask the Queen of Prince Charles' then heavily publicised romances. Not for the first time in the ARU's chequered history, the money had dried up. Future internationals Greg Alexander and Paul Sironen and future first grade regulars, Tony Butterfield and Jeff Hardy, were also a part of the side. Manly Warringah Sea Eagles recruitment manager and former premiership winning player Noel Cleal has called time on an outstanding career in rugby league. In 1984, the Schoolboys hosted a tour by the British Upper Schools and Colleges (BUSCARLA), winning both matches against the tourists. The Schoolboys then went undefeated on their 2007 tour of New Zealand, in 2008 against the touring England Academy and French Schools sides and in 2009 against the touring Great Britain Community Lions. They scored 110 tries- an average of just under seven per match. Sixteen-year-old Australian Secondary Schoolboys representative Chevy Stewart kept Endeavour in contention with some outstanding defence and scoring his school's only six points in the second half. The 2004 side featured future international Greg Inglis. Sat 2 Jul 2022, 12:23 PM. The 1986 side featured future Australian internationals Bradley Clyde and Andrew Gee. [3] The team defeated the touring England Academy squad in both their encounters, 4310 in Canberra and 4214 in Brisbane. The players are extremely excited to represent their country and school community on the world stage. In 1994, the Schoolboys hosted, and defeated, the touring Junior Kiwis. Started in 1972, the Australian Schoolboys have produced over 50 Australian representatives, Mark Bell, Brad Bertwhistle, Andrew Cairns, Tom Cross, Graham Emmery, Tim Enright, Lance Federow, Michael Forsythe, Andrew Friend, Adam Friend, Albert Fulavi, Scott Gourley, Scott Kennedy, Andrew Kerec, Victor Kucharzewski, Geoff Logan, Justin McDonald, Lachlan Moffat, Scott OConnell, Matthew Pini, Brett Plowman, Matthew Stocks, Anthony Woodward, Peter Yeates. When the coach wasn't looking, Glen swapped jumpers with his twin Mark. The team will have a 3 match tour Japan in September - October 2022. The Australian Schoolboys refer to junior teams that represent Australia in various sports. philip abbott, edward aila, john aloua, stephen batia, scott blanchard, mark bullock, dominic byrne, edward carter, blair cheesman, ryan cross, chris daish, harold dakin, matthew dunning, dirk gardner, lachlan grant, aaron hardcastle, michael hefferan, saia latu, michael maclean, tierney muller, timothy noonan, todd ollivier, david palavi, tim The team competes against counterparts in New Zealand, known as the Junior Kiwis, England, Wales and France amongst others. David Basha, Brad Bertwhistle, Michael Brial, Tony Cavey, Geoff Clark, Charles Crighton, Andrew Friend, Aaron Gold, Anthony Hart, Anthony Hayes, Andrew Hickey, Tim Horan, Brett Johnstone, Michael Jorgensen, Darren Junee, Jason Kelly, Bill Kettle, Jason Little, Geoff Logan, Quentin Peihopa, Sean Stanley, Jason Weber. The Australian Schoolboys rugby league team is the national rugby league football team for secondary school students in Australia. 1988 Richard Ball, Matthew Collard, Brad Condon, Samson Fangaloka, Scott Fay, Paul Findlay, Simon Guilfoyle, Craig Howe, Stephen Jani, Gareth Jones, David Kelaher, Craig McMullen, Tom Morrison, Raoul Pohio, Matthew Pryke, Stephen Scahill, Tim Stoyles, Daniel Sullivan, Tu Tamaru, Graeme Thompson, Nathan Turner, Philip Tyler, Andrew Williams, Simon Wilson. Amidst the gloom that is currently Australian Rugby the 40th anniversary of the 1977-78 Australian schoolboys was a chance to reminisce about a rugby side the likes we'll never see again. Origin Rep) returned to Coach Australian Schoolboys in 1996 & 1997. The Schoolboys side featured a number of future Australian internationals including Weyman, Keith Galloway, Ben Hannant, Ryan Hoffman Tom Learoyd-Lahrs, future Fijian international Ashton Sims and future French international Dimitri Pelo. The Australian Schoolboys rugby league team is the national rugby league football team for secondary school students in Australia. Wally Lewis, who struggled to make the schoolboy's first XV on tour, instead made the international rugby league arena his. The 1990 side was originally a merit team, but they later played a one-off match. [2] From 2012 to 2016, a President's XV Team was selected from the DivisionII players for matches against visiting national schools teams. Jason Air, Grant Anderson, Tom Bowman, David Brailey, Douglas Bursill, Michael Choromanski, Matt Clowry, Andrew de Saxe, Cameron Fear, Michael Fordham, James Godfrey, Glen Hauff, John Hearn, Tony Jasser, Matthew Kennedy, Cameron Kenny, Luke Mann, Gavin Mansfield, Caeleon Murray, Liam OHara, Peter Parathyras, Ben Plenty, Simon Raiwalui, Marcus Riley, Mark Robinson, Joe Roff, Ryan Rogan, Mathew Rogers, Mark Sitch, Bill Solofa, Marc Stcherbina, Iain Thomson, Gary Torrens, Ben Tune, Brendan Underwood, Scott Webster, Phillip Yuen. Stephen Antonelli, Andrew Blades, Josh Carmody, Jack Dempsey, Anthony Dempsey, Cameron Douglas, Anthony Grigson, Murray Harley, Tony Hayes, Paul Healy, Steven Hickey, Ian Humphris, Mark Malloy, Guy McLaren, Mark Patterson, David Ross, Andrew Rowntree, Ricky Stuart, Scott Taylor, Glen Taylor, Allan Warby, Jason Woodward. The ASRU is proud to announce the Australian Schoolboys A Team. A few days ago, a group of middle-aged men- some showing off the benefits of a lush life but many still taut, trim and terrific- assembled in Sydney for an important sporting reunion, marking the 40th anniversary of the celebrated 1977-78 Australian Schoolboys team that finished a 16-match tour of Japan and Europe unbeaten. The first Schoolboys side of the 80's was selected in 1981, when the Schoolboys hosted the touring Junior Kiwis side from New Zealand. The ASRU has been responsible for Continued, AUSTRALIAN SCHOOLS RUGBY UNION The Australian Schools Rugby Union ASRU Continued, Special Guest Speaker: Phil Kearns The Annual ASRU luncheon Friday Continued, ASRU are seeking nominations for a Boys School (XV) and Continued, The Australian Schoolboys defeated Kokugakuin Kugayama 73-0 in the third Continued, Australia vs Kokugakuin Kugayama Saturday 1 October 2022 Nihon University Continued, Australian Schoolboys defeated Keio High School 85-3 in their second Continued, The Australia Schoolboys match against v Keio High School, Keio Continued, Australian Schoolboys vs Keio High School Thursday 29 September 2022 Continued, Over 500 photos of the Australian Schoolboys first match on Continued, The Australian Schoolboys today won their first match on tour Continued, The Australian Schoolboys lead Higashi Fukuoka HS 21-5 at half Continued, The Australian Schoolboys Rugby team prepare for the first match of their Japan tour, AUSTRALIAN SCHOOLS RUGBY Australia v Higashi Fukuoka High School Tuesday Continued, Many more high-resolution photos have been posted at the ASRUs Continued, The Australian Schoolboys 2022 touring team of Japan photographed at Continued, MEDIA INFORMATION The Australian Schools Rugby Union ASRU congratulate Sebastian Continued, Australias representative teams at the SANIX World Youth Rugby Tournament Announced, Australian Schoolboys win first match on tour, Australian Schoolboys take half time lead in Japan, Australian Schoolboys training camp images, The Australian Schoolboys 2022 Touring Team of Japan. Australian Schoolboys Team of the Century, Last edited on 31 December 2022, at 21:22, List of Australia Schoolboy rugby league team players, "Schoolboys who have represented the Kangaroos Australian Secondary Schools Rugby League SportsTG", "Schoolboys who have represented other Nations Australian Secondary Schools Rugby League SportsTG", "2012 Australian Team Announced Australian Secondary Schools Rugby League SportsTG", "2012 President's Report Australian Secondary Schools Rugby League SportsTG", http://www.crlnsw.com.au/index.php?id=13&tx_ttnews, "Teams and Results (1972 2017) Australian Secondary Schools Rugby League SportsTG", "2015 New Zealand Australian Secondary Schools Rugby League SportsTG", "OurFootyTeam The Home of Junior Rugby League Junior rugby league news", Official Australian Secondary Schools Rugby League website, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Schoolboys_rugby_league_team&oldid=1130765016, This page was last edited on 31 December 2022, at 21:22. She wasn't perturbed though, with the planned half-hour meeting with the side instead extended to more than 90 minutes. Unlike current day Schoolboys, the team was an Under 16 years age division. Under a headline 'The Invincibles Schoolboys fly in triumphant' was a large photograph of the three Ella brothers- Mark, Glen and Gary, all boasting big, beaming smiles. The name is mainly used in rugby league, rugby union and baseball. 1988 Another merit team was selected in 1983 and once again featured Ettingshausen. They defeated BARLA and a France Schools side but lost to the England Academy team. Australian Schoolboys . , , , .1972 50 , . Lachlan. Even after 40 years the camaraderie within this group is still very strong. Wollongong, Australia. The late Sam Davey a teacher at Keira Boys High the founding father of Australian Schoolboys Rugby League was the Manager of this team. The Australian Schools rugby championship winners have been crowned and the best U18 . When the Ellas bought the Telegraph, they were deeply disappointed when they couldn't find any mention of them in the sports-pages. They believed what they had done deserved at least some sort of mention. Damien Fitzpatrick St Joseph's College NSW. The son of former Test and NSW forward Tom, Lahrs was a Queensland 14-15 years schoolboy team selection in 2021. 5IV is focussed on the biotechnology, nutrition, mental health and arts industries and provides angel investment, consulting . First held in 1979, the DivII competition originally included the state teams from Victoria and Western Australia before those sides moved to DivisionI in 2010. The All Blacks. The team will have a 3 match tour Japan in September October 2022. Chris Blanchard, Scott Bowen, Matthew Burke, Todd Cole, Ryan Craig, Anthony Cregan, Andrew Crocker, Tim Eisenhauer, Justin Fielke, Salei (Fili) Finau, Nicholas Ghattas, Richard Graham, Travis Hall, Rodney Hayes, Graham Hislop, John Isaac, Troy Jaques, Peter Jorgensen, David Kelaher, Haydn Long, Ben May, Michael Misson, Rodney Moore, Thomas Morrison, Scott Murray, Stuart Pinkerton, Craig Polla-Mounter, Jacob Rauluni, Graeme Thompson, Micah Tuck, John Turner, Hugh Williams, Simon Wilson. The side played 7 games, winning 6 of them. The Championship includes Boys (Fifteens) and Girls (Sevens). Ten of the Gold Coast's brightest future stars will represent their state in the upcoming Australian Secondary Schools Rugby League National Championships, kicking-off at Redcliffe on Saturday. In 2015, the Schoolboys hosted the touring New Zealand under-18 side, winning both games in the two-game series.
Allevamenti Cavalli In Sicilia,
Are There Palm Trees In Utah,
Topeka Housing Management Services,
Articles A
