[198] In 2017, the country ranked fifth for the percentage of 25 to 64 year old's that have attained tertiary education with 47.7 percent. The school year is divided into two semesters, the first of which begins at the beginning of March and ends in mid-July, the second of which begins in late August and ends in mid-February. The greening initiative includes such efforts as a nationwide bike network, solar and wind energy, lowering oil dependent vehicles, backing daylight saving time and extensive usage of environmentally friendly technologies such as LEDs in electronics and lighting. Korea Expressway Corporation operates the toll highways and service amenities en route. The transition of Korea from autocracy to modern democracy was marked in 1997 by the election of Kim Dae-jung, who was sworn in as the eighth president of South Korea, on 25 February 1998. [30][31] The history of Korea begins with the founding of Joseon (also known as "Gojoseon", or Old Joseon, to differentiate it with the 14th century dynasty) in 2333BCE by Dangun, according to Korea's foundation mythology. Previous exceptions for South Korean citizens of mixed race no longer apply since 2011.[267]. [331] Over one million DMB phones have been sold and the three major wireless communications providers SK Telecom, KT, and LG U+ provide coverage in all major cities and other areas. [105], Chun subsequently created the National Defense Emergency Policy Committee and took the presidency according to his political plan. South Korea's birth rate was the world's lowest in 2009,[168] at an annual rate of approximately 9 births per 1000 people. R.O.K. [247] On 22 June, Moon Jae-in and Putin signed a document for foundation of free trade area. On 6 July 2011, Pyeongchang was chosen by the IOC to host the 2018 Winter Olympics. [402] In the 2008 Summer Olympics, South Korea won the gold medal in baseball. [364], South Korea shares its traditional culture with North Korea, but the two Koreas have developed distinct contemporary forms of culture since the peninsula was divided in 1945. Large numbers of ethnic Koreans live overseas, sometimes in Korean ethnic neighborhoods also known as Koreatowns. After an ebb and flow that saw both sides facing defeat with massive losses among Korean civilians in both the north and the south, the war eventually reached a stalemate. [325], South Korea's old-age pension scheme covers individuals age 60 or older for the rest of their life as long as they have satisfied the minimum of 20 years of national pension coverage beforehand. The aim of a communist state is to achieve communism or a sense of common ownership of the means of production and do away with social classes. Northern Korea has a autocratic government. ", "Transportation Statistics > Heliports (most recent) by country", "If you're looking for a ticket to Jeju, leave late", "South Korea wins landmark Gulf nuclear power deal", "All systems go for Jordan's first nuclear reactor", "South Korea-Jordan sign $130M nuclear deal", "Korea, Argentina Sign MOU for Nuclear Plant Project", "Argentina eyes nuclear role in S. America", "Korea nearing Turkey nuclear plant contract", "U.S. Spring usually lasts from late March to early May, summer from mid-May to early September, autumn from mid-September to early November, and winter from mid-November to mid-March. [197] The nation's high university entrance rate has created a highly skilled workforce, making South Korea among the most highly educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. South Korea has the fastest Internet download speeds in the world,[332] with an average download speed of 25.3 Mbit/s. The Hyundai Research Institute reported that the Korean Wave has a direct impact in encouraging direct foreign investment back into the country through demand for products, and the tourism industry. Metal chopsticks have been discovered in Goguryeo archaeological sites. [156] The country is noted for its population density, which was an estimated 505 per square kilometer in 2015,[152] more than 10 times the global average. [d]The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. companies announced plans to begin a series of projects in the U.S. over the next four years valued at $17.3 billion. Every meal is accompanied by numerous banchan. Despite lacking natural resources, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian Tigers based on international trade and economic globalization, integrating itself within the world economy with export-oriented industrialization; currently being one of the largest exporting nations in the world, along with having one of the largest foreign-exchange reserves in the world. There are approximately 13.5 million Christians in South Korea today; about two thirds of them belonging to Protestant churches, and the rest to the Catholic Church. The country has also been a member of the United Nations since 1991, when it became a member state at the same time as North Korea. Traditional architecture can be seen in the palaces and temples, preserved old houses called hanok,[377] and special sites like Hahoe Folk Village, Yangdong Village of Gyeongju and Korean Folk Village. The winners were announced on 29 September 2013 and shared a total prize pool of 80 million won (US$74,000). [230] North and South Korea are still technically at war (having never signed a peace treaty after the Korean War) and share the world's most heavily fortified border. U.S.-Korea relations continued until 1905, when Japan assumed direction over Korean foreign affairs. [65][66][67][68] Buddhism flourished during this time, and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists[69] and contributed to Chinese Buddhism,[70] including: Woncheuk, Wonhyo, Uisang, Musang,[71][72][73][74] and Kim Gyo-gak, a Silla prince whose influence made Mount Jiuhua one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Chinese Buddhism. [359] Robotics are also incorporated in the entertainment sector as well; the Korean Robot Game Festival has been held every year since 2004 to promote science and robot technology.[360]. Unitary state Southern Korea is democratic. [121] The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the nation since 2020. South Korea had the fastest internet connectivity globally in 2017. In the North, however, a former anti-Japanese guerrilla and communist activist, Kim Il-sung, was appointed premier of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in September. [249][250] Korean women were coerced and forced to serve the Imperial Japanese Army as sexual slaves, called comfort women, in both Korea and throughout the Japanese war fronts. Eventually, Chun's party, the Democratic Justice Party, and its leader, Roh Tae-woo, announced the June 29 Declaration, which included the direct election of the president. ", "Korea, Russia Enter Full-Fledged Space Partnership", South Korea Confirms Contact With Satellite Lost, "Scientist Yi So Yeon becomes first Korean astronaut", "S. Korea Completes Work on Naro Space Center", "S. Korean satellite lost shortly after launch", "Global Insider: South Korea's Space Program", "South Korea's first rocket ready at last", "S. Korea DAPA commissioner confirms 500 km-range ballistic missile development research", Special Report: [Business Opportunities] R&D, Android Has Human-Like Skin and Expressions, "Female Android Debuts in S. Korea, National Geographic, May 15, 2006", South Korean Robot English Teachers Are Go, "Bio International Convention Korea Country Profile", "Discovery Channel:: News Animals:: Endangered Wolf Cloned in South Korea", "With $900M IPO, SK Bioscience has big plans for manufacturing expansioneven beyond COVID-19 vaccines", "South Koreans drink twice as much liquor as Russians and more than four times as much as Americans", "Exhibit Focuses on Traditional Architecture", "UNESCO World Heritage: Republic of Korea", Brief Review of Korea Modern Architecture, "Still, slow waters of Korean architecture", "How The South Korean Government Made K-Pop A Thing", "S.Korea's Screen Quota Hinders Market Access", "Squid Game: the hellish horrorshow taking the whole world by storm", "Netflix calls Squid Game its 'biggest ever series at launch', "S. Korean Game Developer NCsoft Interested in Pro Baseball", "Professional baseball rising in popularity", "Japan beats South Korea to be Baseball Champions", "South Korea takes Olympics baseball gold", "Dextro Energy International Triathlon Union World championship Series Seoul", "New Jersey, Mexico, and Korea dropped from 2014 F1 calendar", Key Development Forecasts for South Korea, United States Army Military Government in Korea, List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea, Politics of North Korea#Political parties and elections, North Korea and weapons of mass destruction, South Korea and weapons of mass destruction, International adoption of South Korean children, ChinaJapanSouth Korea trilateral summit, Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia, ChinaJapanKorea Friendship Athletic Meeting, Association of East Asian Research Universities, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&oldid=1134388094, Korean-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1948, Articles with Korean-language sources (ko), Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with dead external links from February 2009, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Articles with obsolete information from March 2012, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2023, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 12:36. Limited Government South Korea North Korea's main rule that no one disobeys without very good reason is to obey all the rules. It constitutes the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and shares a land border with North Korea. Describe whether the country is a Unitary or Federal government system. [citation needed], The South Korean Navy has made its first major transformation into a blue-water navy through the formation of the Strategic Mobile Fleet, which includes a battle group of Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyers, Dokdo class amphibious assault ship, AIP-driven Type 214 submarines, and King Sejong the Great class destroyers, which is equipped with the latest baseline of Aegis fleet-defense system that allows the ships to track and destroy multiple cruise missiles and ballistic missiles simultaneously, forming an integral part of South Korea's indigenous missile defense umbrella against the North Korean military's missile threat.[268]. In 2014, South Korea ranked second worldwide (after Singapore) in the national rankings of students' math and science scores by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) . They are stationed in installations at Osan, Kunsan, Yongsan, Dongducheon, Sungbuk, Camp Humphreys, and Daegu, as well as at Camp Bonifas in the DMZ Joint Security Area. Winter temperatures are higher along the southern coast and considerably lower in the mountainous interior. [335] It was ranked 5th in the Global Innovation Index 2022, up from 10th in 2020 and 11st in 2019. Since the 1980s, the Korean government has invested in the development of a domestic biotechnology industry, and the sector is projected to grow to $6.5 billion by 2010. Korean cuisine, hanguk yori (; ), or hansik (; ), has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Fee: The reciprocity fee, also known as the visa issuance fee, you must pay. Ingredients and dishes vary by province. [393] Other Korean martial arts include Taekkyon, hapkido, Tang Soo Do, Kuk Sool Won, kumdo and subak.[394]. [340], South Korea's government maintains a broad-ranging approach toward the regulation of specific online content and imposes a substantial level of censorship on election-related discourse and on many websites that the government deems subversive or socially harmful. [209] The number of Protestants has been stagnant throughout the 1990s and the 2000s, but increased to a peak level throughout the 2010s. The weakness of Korean Sindo, which unlike Japanese Shinto and China's religious system never developed into a national religion of high status,[213] combined with the impoverished state of Korean Buddhism, (after 500 years of suppression at the hands of the Joseon state, by the 20th century it was virtually extinct) left a free hand to Christian churches. The Soviet Union and China backed North Korea, with the later participation of millions of Chinese troops. [217] It soon became a dominant religion in the southeastern kingdom of Silla, the region that hitherto hosts the strongest concentration of Buddhists in South Korea. The country has one of the world's highest-educated labor forces among OECD countries. Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, fourth most populous metropolitan area in the world, third-highest life expectancy in the world, with ethnic Koreans representing approximately 96%, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, second largest number of hospital beds per 1000 people, ranked 11th in the world for life expectancy, third highest health adjusted life expectancy, sinking of the South Korean warship Cheonan, generally regarded in South Korea as having been very negative, Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), over 23,000 troops stationed in South Korea, Republic of Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement, centralized intelligence gathering and analysis, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, market for nuclear enrichment facilities and refineries, History of science and technology in Korea, List of Korean inventions and discoveries, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 21 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, 2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics, "Foreign population in Korea tops 2.5 million", "World Economic Outlook Database April 2022", "The Korean Economy the Miracle on the Hangang River: Korea.net: The official website of the Republic of Korea", "Surfing the Korean Wave: How K-pop is taking over the world | The McGill Tribune", "1369MAPAS E ICONOGRAFIA DOS SCS. No peace treaty was ever signed, resulting in the two countries remaining technically at war. Despite the continuing ties, the Kaesong Industrial Region has seen a large decrease in investment and manpower as a result of this military conflict. ", "South Korea's president is removed from office as court upholds her impeachment", "New Korean president willing to work with North DW 05/10/2017", "South Korea's Moon may be on brink of legacy-defining moment", "Park Geun-hye: South Korea's ex-leader jailed for 24 years for corruption", "As Birthrate Falls, South Korea's Population Declines, Posing Threat to Economy", "Who is South Korea's new president Yoon Suk-yeol? [231] On 27 May 2009, North Korean media declared that the Armistice is no longer valid because of the South Korean government's pledge to "definitely join" the Proliferation Security Initiative. It incorporates a significant number of loan words from Chinese. Robotics has been included in the list of main national R&D projects in Korea since 2003. [262] In 1967, South Korea obliged the mutual defense treaty, by sending a large combat troop contingent to support the United States in the Vietnam War. In response to then-Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's visits to the Yasukuni Shrine, former President Roh Moo-hyun suspended all summit talks between South Korea and Japan in 2009. [316] The US has recently been wary of South Korea's burgeoning nuclear program, which South Korea insists will be for civilian use only. [196] Former U.S. President Barack Obama has also praised the country's rigorous school system, where over 80 percent of South Korean high school graduates go on to university. A unitary state is the opposite of a federation, where governmental powers and responsibilities are divided. [350] The government plans to develop Naro-2 by 2018.[351]. [152][153], A centralized administration in South Korea oversees the process for the education of children from kindergarten to the third and final year of high school. "[96] Both leaders began an authoritarian repression of their political opponents inside their region, seeking for a unification of Korea under their control. Korean cuisine is largely based on rice, noodles, tofu, vegetables, fish and meats. South Korea is also the second-largest missionary-sending nation, after the United States.[216]. Education is regarded with a high priority for South Korean families, as success in education is often a source of pride for families and within South Korean society at large, and is a necessity to improve one's socioeconomic position in South Korean society. [25][26] However, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. The South Korean government's structure is determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. Voluntarily insured persons are not subjected to mandatory coverage but can choose to be. South Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. [citation needed] Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three, but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage.[51][52]. This mountainous peninsula is flanked by the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Sea of Japan to the east. [179], South Korea is one of the top-performing OECD countries in reading literacy, mathematics and sciences with the average student scoring 519, compared with the OECD average of 492, placing it ninth in the world. [241] In 2007, a free trade agreement known as the Republic of Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) was signed between South Korea and the United States, but its formal implementation was repeatedly delayed, pending approval by the legislative bodies of the two countries. Section I. There is a growing trend of inventions of new types of media or apps, utilizing the 4G and 5G internet infrastructure in South Korea. Soups are also a common part of a Korean meal and are served as part of the main course rather than at the beginning or the end of the meal. [167] Currently, South Korea has one of the highest rates of growth of foreign born population, with about 30,000 foreign born residents obtaining South Korean citizenship every year since 2010. Later Silla carried on the maritime prowess of Baekje, which acted like the Phoenicia of medieval East Asia,[58] and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China, Korea and Japan, most notably during the time of Jang Bogo; in addition, Silla people made overseas communities in China on the Shandong Peninsula and the mouth of the Yangtze River. [265], Unresolved tension with North Korea has prompted South Korea to allocate 2.6% of its GDP and 15% of all government spending to its military (Government share of GDP: 14.967%), while maintaining compulsory conscription for men. [36][37][38], During the period known as the ProtoThree Kingdoms of Korea, the states of Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye and Samhan occupied the whole Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria. [312][313] As of 2010[update], South Korea and Turkey are in negotiations regarding construction of two nuclear reactors. This trend of net entry reversed over the next 40 years because of emigration, especially to North America through the United States and Canada. Kimchi (), a fermented, usually spicy vegetable dish is commonly served at every meal and is one of the best known Korean dishes. All South Korean males are constitutionally required to serve in the military, typically 18 months. [239] The Republic of Korea broke off official relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) upon gaining official relations with the People's Republic of China, which does not recognize Taiwan's sovereignty. After World WarII and the division of the Korean Peninsula, about four million people from North Korea crossed the border to South Korea. In 1949, the U.S. established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Korea. The South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism actively encourages the traditional arts, as well as modern forms, through funding and education programs. [256] South Korea asked the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to ban the Japanese Rising Sun Flag from the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo,[257][258] and the IOC said in a statement "sports stadiums should be free of any political demonstration. [134] The country already the world's most wired plans to build a nationwide next-generation network that will be 10 times faster than broadband facilities, in order to reduce energy usage. [241], There were no formal diplomatic ties between South Korea and Japan directly after independence the end of World WarII in 1945. The free trade agreement was approved in September 2010, and took effect on 1 July 2011. In March 2018, the U.S. and the Republic of Korea reached an agreement on the renegotiation of the KORUS FTA. This includes 1,412,800 J&J, doses. [397][398][399] Recent years have been characterized by increasing attendance and ticket prices for professional baseball games. Japan is today South Korea's third largest trading partner, with 12% ($46 billion) of exports in 2016. [227], Despite the Sunshine Policy and efforts at reconciliation, the progress was complicated by North Korean missile tests in 1993, 1998, 2006, 2009, and 2013. [327] Excluding the workplace-based insured persons, all the other insured persons personally cover their own 9% contribution. The Liancourt Rocks were the first Korean territories to be forcibly colonized by Japan in 1905. This transition to a South Korean command has been slow and often postponed, although it is currently scheduled to occur in the early 2020s. [180][181] The country is well known for its highly feverish outlook on education, where its national obsession with education has been called "education fever". [290][291] The International Monetary Fund compliments the resilience of the South Korean economy against various economic crises, citing low state debt and high fiscal reserves that can quickly be mobilized to address financial emergencies. "Seoul: S Korea looks forward to its own party,". [304] A second carrier, Asiana Airlines also serves domestic and international traffic. [369] Korean pottery and porcelain, such as Joseon's baekja and buncheong, and Goryeo's celadon are well known throughout the world. Churches, offices for foreign legislation, schools and university buildings were built in new styles. . [131] Unchecked industrialization and urban development have resulted in deforestation and the ongoing destruction of wetlands such as the Songdo Tidal Flat. [209] Other religions include Islam (130,000 Muslims, mostly migrant workers from Pakistan and Bangladesh but including some 35,000 Korean Muslims[211]), the homegrown sect of Won Buddhism, and a variety of indigenous religions, including Cheondoism (a Confucianizing religion), Jeungsanism, Daejongism, Daesun Jinrihoe, and others. "Republic of Korea" and "Daehanminguk" redirect here. [157] Most South Koreans live in urban areas, because of rapid migration from the countryside during the country's quick economic expansion in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. South Korea is a regional power and a highly developed country, with its economy being ranked as the world's thirteenth-largest by nominal GDP and the fourteenth-largest by GDP (PPP). [279], South Korea's mixed economy[281][282][283] ranks 10th nominal[284] and 13th purchasing power parity GDP in the world, identifying it as one of the G-20 major economies. [84] Henceforth, Goryeo continued to rule Korea, though as a tributary ally to the Mongols for the next 86 years. [273] In 2004, South Korea sent 3,300 troops of the Zaytun Division to help re-building in northern Iraq, and was the third largest contributor in the coalition forces after only the US and Britain. It is the country's largest island, with an area of 1,845 square kilometers (712 square miles). There were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea ( / ). Generals in the Japanese Army: a Chosun prince, whose rank was honorary and who commanded no troops; and Lt. Gen. Bang, Ha-Nam, Study of Korean Corporations Retirement Allowance Schemes, Korea Labor Institute, 1998. [137], In 2017, South Korea was the world's seventh largest emitter of carbon emissions and the fifth largest emitter per capita. Christianity's similarity to native religious narratives has been studied as another factor that contributed to its success in the peninsula. [79] Like Silla, Goryeo was a highly cultural state, and invented the metal movable type printing press. In 1949, the United States established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Korea. Korean culture like Filipino culture has been influenced by interaction with other cultures, technology and the natural instinct of self-preservation. The schedules are not uniformly standardized and vary from school to school. Despite the initial plan of a unified Korea in the 1943 Cairo Declaration, escalating Cold War antagonism between the Soviet Union and the United States eventually led to the establishment of separate governments, each with its own ideology, leading to the division of Korea into two political entities in 1948: North Korea and South Korea. This category comprises retirees who voluntarily choose to have additional benefits, individuals under the age of 27 without income, and individuals whose spouses are covered under a public welfare system, whether military, governmental, or private school teacher pensions. The South Korean pension system was created to provide benefits to persons reaching old age, families and persons stricken with death of their primary breadwinner, and for the purposes of stabilizing its nation's welfare state. Over the past several decades, the Republic of Korea (R.O.K.) [326] Individuals with a minimum of 10 years covered under the national pension scheme and who are 60 years of age are able to be covered under a 'reduced old-age pension' scheme. [33][35] In 108 BCE, the Han dynasty defeated Wiman Joseon and installed four commanderies in the northern Korean peninsula. Two rail lines, Gyeongui and Donghae Bukbu Line, to North Korea are now being reconnected. [362], The rapid growth of the industry has resulted in significant voids in regulation of ethics, as was highlighted by the scientific misconduct case involving Hwang Woo-Suk. On 12 October 2011, the U.S. Congress passed the long-stalled trade agreement with South Korea. Establishing a harmony between man and nature was also a favorite of this time. [194] A strong investment in education, a militant drive for success, as well as the passion for excellence has helped the resource-poor country rapidly grow its economy over the past 60 years from a war-torn wasteland to a prosperous first-world country. The country's national economy benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. While South Korea is successful in exporting its electricity-generating nuclear technology and nuclear reactors, it cannot capitalize on the market for nuclear enrichment facilities and refineries, preventing it from further expanding its export niche. [246] In June 2018, president Moon Jae-in became the first South Korean leader to speak in the Russian Parliament. In 1910, Japan began a 35-year period of colonial rule over Korea. In the 1950s and 1960s, modern rules were standardized, with taekwondo becoming an official Olympic sport in 2000. [242], The 2017 deployment of THAAD defense missiles by the United States military in South Korea in response to North Korean missile tests has been protested strongly by the Chinese government, concerned that the technologically advanced missile defense could be used more broadly against China. For example, migrants from China (PRC) make up 56.5% of foreign nationals, but approximately 70% of the Chinese citizens in Korea are Joseonjok (), PRC citizens of Korean ethnicity. [354] In 2009, the government announced plans to build robot-themed parks in Incheon and Masan with a mix of public and private funding. [192][193], In 2015, the country spent 5.1% of its GDP on all levels of education roughly 0.8 percentage points above the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average of 4.3%. It has a population of 51.75 million, of which roughly half live in the Seoul Capital Area, the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the world. After negotiations on reunification failed, the latter became the Republic of Korea in August 1948 while the former became the socialist Democratic People's Republic of Korea the following month. Favorite of this time two rail lines, Gyeongui and Donghae Bukbu,. 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